FLUORINE : PROPAGANDA AND REALITIES

Therapeutic solutions

In 1999, the Center for diseases control of the USA (CDC) has published a brilliant report on the fluoridation of public water supplies, citing the process as a great success of public health of the century.(1) Ironically, the same report suggested that the alleged benefit of fluorine might not be due to its ingestion: 'The properties of Fluorine for the prevention of decay were initially attributed to the strengthening of the enamel during the development of the tooth referring from the association between fluorine, the changing aspects of the enamel and the belief that fluorine incorporated in the enamel, during the tooth development, has allowed to obtain a more resistant mineralization to acid". The report of CDC then recognized the new studies which indicate that the effects are 'external` rather than "systemic". 'However, epidemiological and laboratory researches suggest that fluorine prevents the dental caries mainly after the emergence of the tooth in the mouth, and that its actions are mainly topical for adults and children''. The obvious question is this: How can the CDC consider the addition of fluorine to public water supplies as being a success of public health while admitting however that the benefits of fluorine are not "systemic" ; in other words, are not obtained by drinking it?

The truth, becoming now more and more obvious, is that this fluoridation and the so-called advantage of fluorine as a means to prevent the dental weakening constitute perhaps the greatest 'scientific` fraud ever perpetrated on an unconscious public.

Worse, the implacable promotion of fluorine as "dental advantage » is responsible for enormous negligences in the appropriate evaluation of its toxicity, a question which has become a major concern for many nations. As there is no substance that biochemically active in human organism than fluoride, the total taking-up of excessive fluoride compounds could contribute to the explosion of many diseases afflicting humanity today, in particular those involving the thyroid dysfunctionning. In the United States, most of the citizens are kept completely ignored of all the adverse effects which could occur during exposure to fluorine. Dental fluorosis, the first obvious sign that a fluoride poisoning has occured, is declared as an insignificant 'cosmetic" effect by the dental profession, despite the fact that the biochemical phenomena causing fluorosis are still unknown (2,3,4). The quantity of fluorine required to prevent dental decay but to avoid dental fluorosis is also unknown.(5)

WHAT IS FLUORINE ?

Fluorine can be any combination of components containing the fluoride ion. Under its basic form, fluorine is a yellow pale gas, highly toxic and corrosive. In its natural state, fluorine is found combining with minerals such as fluoride. It is the non-metallic element the most chemically active of all the elements and it also has the most unstable electronegative ion. Due to its extreme reactivity, fluorine is never found as a non-related or isolated element in the natural state.

Fluorine is a member of the VIIA group of the periodic table components. It separates easily other halogens (such as chlorine, bromine and iodine) from their minerals salts. With hydrogen, it forms the gas referred to as hydrogen fluoride which, as solution in water, becomes hydrofluoric acid (N. D. T : very dangerous acid). There was no commercial production of fluorine in USA before the second world war. It is the need of fluorine in the treatment of uranium ores, necessary for the atomic bomb, which has driven its manufacture in USA (6).

Fluorine compounds or fluorides are listed by the U.S. Agency of control for Toxic Substances and Diseases' Registration (ATSDR) among the 20 main substances, out of 275 substances, which pose the most meaningful threat to human health (7). In Australia, the National Pollutants Inventory (NPI) recently considered 400 substances for inclusion on the NPI list. A risk level has been given, based on the index of health danger, of danger for the environment and for human exposure to this substance. Few substances have been grouped together at the same level to give a total of 208 levels: the fluorine compounds are at the 27th level on the 208 levels (8). The fluorine compounds and hydrogen fluoride have been found in at least 130, 19, and 28 respective sites on 1.334 national priority sites identified by the Agency for the Protection of the Environment (APE) (9). Accordingly, under the provisions of the Superfund act (CRECLA, 1986), a compilation of information on fluoro compounds, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine was required (and their effects on health). This publication appreared in 1993.(9)

Fluorides are cumulative toxins. The fact that fluorides accumulate in the body is the reason for which the law of the USA demands that those responsible for health establish a maximum level of contaminant, (MLC) for the quantity of fluoride in the public water supply as required by the EPA. This specific requirement is designed to avoid a disease known by the name of Disabling Skeleton Fluorosis (CSF), a disease which supposedly evolve in three stages. The threshold (MLC) designed to avoid only the third stage of this crippling disease, is placed to 4 ppm or 4 mg per litre. It is assumed that people 's organism retains half of this amount (2 mg); therefore 4 mg per litre is the safety level . Yet a daily dose of 2-8 mg is well known as sufficient to cause the third crippling stage of CSF (10,11). In 1998 EPA scientists, whose work and legal duty is to establish the maximum level of contaminant, have stated that this level of 4 ppm has been established fraudulently by external lobbyings in a decision which has omitted 90 % of data demonstrating the mutagenic properties of fluorine (12). The manual of clinical toxicology of commercial products, 5th Edition (1984), gives fluorine an estimated toxicity of 3 to 4 (3 = moderately toxic, and 4 = very toxic) and the EPA has placed 0,015 ppm as the guidance threshold in beverage water (aiming a goal of 0 ppm). Therefore, the estimated toxicity for fluorine is 4 mg/L. , yet the threshold for fluorine is currently held at 4.0 ppm, be it 250 times the permitted level.

FLUORIDATION OF WATER

In 1939, a dentist named H. Trendley DEAN working for the public health service of the United States, examined the water of 345 towns in Texas. DEAN has determined that the high concentrations of fluoride in water of these sectors corresponded to a high incidence of mottled teeth. This explained why dentists in the sector have found mottled teeth ") » ( brown mottling) among so many of their patients. DEAN also established that there was a more limited impact of dental caries in towns having fluorine of approximately 1 ppm in their water supply. Among the indigenous residents of these sectors about 10 % have developed the lightest forms of mottled enamel (dental fluorosis) that DEAN and others have described as "beautiful white teeth". The report of DEAN has led to the outbreak of artificial fluoridation of drinking water to a share per million (1 ppm) to provide the so-called "optimal » dose of fluoride , namely 1 mg per day, based from the calculations that by drinking four glasses of water each day, this will repeat the "optimal" stock according to DEAN among most of the people. Now, according to the American dental association (ADA), all persons, rich or poor, can have "magnificent" white teeth and at the same time freed from decay. After all, the benefits of water fluoridation had been documented 'beyond the doubt' (13).

When other scientists have studied DEAN's data,, they have not reached the same conclusions. In fact, DEAN was committed in the 'selective use of data" , by using the results of 21 cities which have abounded in its meaning in total disregard of data from 272 other cities which have shown no correlation (14). In front of the court, DEAN was forced to admit under oath that his data were invalid (15). In 1957 he had to admit during the hearings of the American Medical Association (AMA) that even waters containing barely 0.1 ppm (0,1 mg/l) could cause dental fluorosis, first obvious sign of a fluorine overdose(16). Moreover, there is not a single double-blind study to simply indicate that fluoridation is effective in the reduction of decay (17).

THUS, WHAT ABOUT DENTAL DECOMPOSITION ?

The truth is that there are more and more evidences proving that fluorine and dental fluorosis are associated with aggravated dental decomposition. The most understanding American study was carried out by the National Institute of Dental Research on 39,000 school children aged between 5 to 17 years old (18). It has shown no significant differences in terms of DMD teeth (loosen, missing and demineralized). By contrast, what it has shown was that the cities of big dental weakening (66,5 to 87,5%) have 9,34 % of more weakening among children who drink fluoridated water. Moreover, we have observed an increase of 5,4 % in dental weakening among students when fluoride was added to 1 ppm in the water supply. Nine fluorinated cities, with high rates of dental weakening, have had 10 % of weakening for more than nine non-fluorinated cities which were equivalent in population size. The largest study of the world on dental caries, which concerned 400.000 students, revealed that the weakening had increased by 27 % with a fluoridation to 1 ppm of soft drinks water (19). In Japan, the fluoridation rate of dental weakening has increased by 7% among 22.000 students (20) while in the USA an increase of dental weakening of 43 % has occurred among 29.000 students after fluoridation of drinking water to 1 ppm (21)

DENTAL FLUOROSIS: AN « ESTHETIC» DEFAULT ?

Dental fluorosis is a condition caused by an excessive intake of fluorine, characterized mainly by brown marbling (ragged) of the enamel which begins with white spots, while the bones and virtually every organ may also be affected by the well-known anti-thyroid characteristics of fluorine. Dental fluorosis can only occur during the enamel formation stage and is therefore the sign that an overdose of fluorine has occured with a child during this period. Dental fluorosis has been described as an hypo-mineralization under the enamel, with a porosity of the tooth truely linked with the degree of fluorosis (22). Fluorosis is therefore characterised by diffused opacity and a sub-mineralized enamel. Although identical defects in the enamel occur in the case of thyroid malfunctioning, the dental profession qualifies this as simply an 'aesthetic» default when it is caused by exposure to fluorine...

What now becomes obvious is that this « aesthetic default » predisposes in fact the dental decomposition. In 1988, Duncan (23) stated that such hypoplastic defects offer strong probabilities of becoming generators of caries. In 1989, Silberman, (24) assessing the same data of children in the beginning of test in fluorinated and non-fluorinated sectors, wrote that « the preliminary data indicate that the presence of a primary canine hypoplasia (enamel defect) may have as consequence a high percentage for the tooth to decay.' In 1996, Li (25) wrote that children representing an enamel hypoplasia have demonstrated a significantly higher stage of decay to those who have not such defects and, moreover, that the presence of enamel hypoplasia can be a predisposing factor for the initiation and the progression of dental caries, as an indicator of high caries predisposition in a community". In 1996, Ellwood and O'Mullane (26) have stated that the defects of enamel development can be useful markers indicating a predisposition to caries, which should be considered in the risks' assessment or benefits of fluorine usage ».

Currently, up to 80 % of children of the USA suffer from a certain degree of dental fluorosis, while in Canada the figure have descreased to 71 %. A predominance of 80,9 % has been reported in children between 12-14 years old in Augusta (Georgia), the highest prevalence yet reported in the most optimally fluoridated town of the United States". A moderate fluorosis up to a serious one was found in 14% of children.(27) Before this pressure in favor of fluoridation begun to be performed, the dental professionals have determined that fluorine were not salutary but "harmful » for dental health. In 1944, the American Dental Association (ADA) journal reported: "with 1.6 to 4 ppm of fluoride in water, 50 % or more of young people have damaged teeth after the age of 24 years old because of fluorine damages."(28)

THE WONDERFUL ADDITIVE ?

On innumerable Internet sites, fluorine is proclaimed as 'wonderful additive» ; the symptom of "deficiencies" being the caries (29). They keep on repeating that this cumulated toxin and its toxic wastes may be considered as a "food supplement", and such statements are continually repeated by all pro-fluoridation.(30)

On 16 March 1979, the FDA has deleted the paragraphs 105.3(c) and 105.85 (d) (4) of the documents from federal register which had classified fluorine, among other substances, as 'essential` or "probably essential''. Since that time, nowhere in the federal regulations is fluorine classified as 'essential` or "probably essential" ! These deletions being the immediate results of the Court deliberations in 1978 (31) stating that no essential function beneficial to humans was ever proved for fluorine.(32,33,34,35,36)

« NATURE HAS THOUGHT OF IT BEFORE »

A popular slogan used by ADA and other pro-fluoridation organizations is that 'nature has thought of it before`, slogan giving the impression that fluoro compounds used in the fluoridation of water are identical to those discovered, there are several years, in water of few rare sectors of the American territory (37) The fluorine composure found in "naturally" fluorinated waters is in fact calcium fluoride. However, sodium fluoride, common agent of artificial fluoridation, dissolves easily in water in opposite to calcium fluoride.

The studies on animals carried out by Kick and other researchers, in 1935, have indicated that sodium fluoride was much more toxic than calcium fluoride brought to the toxic dosage.(38) A much worse toxicity was on the other hand registered with hydrofluorosilic acid, composite currently used in more than 90% of fluoridation programs. Hydrofluorosilic acid is a sub-direct product and pollution scrubbers used in fertilizers and aluminum phosphate industries. Our government (US) adds it to water supplies while it is at the same time responsible to get rid of its own reserve of excess residual fluoro compounds stored for years for its usefulness in the refining of uranium coming from the production of nuclear energy and the recycling of nuclear weapons (39)

In Kick's study, less than 2% of calcium fluoride have been absorbed and then quantitatively excreted in urine of animals. But even calcium fluoride is not harmless because animals who had received calcium fluoride have also developed mottled teeth; it was therefore clear that such compounds could produce the changes on the teeth simply by passing in the body, and not by being « stored in the tooth» or anywhere else as it is claimed. Calcium fluoride has therefore not been validated.

In 1946, Samuel CHASE, one of the authors of Kick's study, became president of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR). This organization has promoted the idea that only fluorine ion, in various fluoridation compound, was important. Yet it turns out that sodium fluoride does not behave like calcium fluoride. Unlike calcium fluoride, sodium fluoride has been maintained in high volumes in the body and thus has proved to be very toxic. Natural phosphate and experiences with hydrofluorosilic acid have provided the same evidence.

New sectors under 'natural' fluorine appear everywhere in the world, because all sectors not artificially fluorinated are now considered as "natural". The problem is that this "'natural Fluorine» is in fact the result of water directly passing in contaminated soil by the petrochemical treatment of the earth: uncontrolled use of fertilizers, pesticide applications, contamination of underground water passing in industrial-waste locations and remnants of buried rocket fuel, etc. Thus, suddenly, we have "natural fluorine» appearing in sectors previously considered as 'deficient in fluorine", such as the region of Sosnivka, in Ukraine...

TOTAL CATCH

It is well established that it is the TOTAL collection of fluorine from ALL sources which must be considered for the evaluation of any unfavourable effect on the health.(40,41,42); and this includes the capture by ingestion, inhalation and absorption by the skin. In 1971, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated: 'In the assessment of water supply safety, as regards to fluorine concentration, it is the total daily intake of fluoride by individual which must be considered"(41). The exposure to fluorines by air in various applications of diverse pesticides (manufacturing process, production of phosphatized fertilizers, aluminum melting, equipment for uranium enrichment, coal combustion and combustion in nuclear power plants, incinerators, engraving on glass by etching, refining of oil and the emissions of vehicle) may be considered. Moreover, many people consume medecines derived from fluorine such as Prozac, which adds itself significantly to anti-thyroid fluorine effects. All fluorinated compounds (organic and inorganic) were demonstrated as performing anti-thyroid effects, often worsening the fluorine effects which many people are already experiencing. (43)

Housewives may be exposed to fluorines with the use of Teflon pots, fluorinated products, insecticides sprays and even from residual airborne fluorines in drinkable water which is fluoridated. Policy makers of 3M Company recently announced a gradual elimination of Scotchgard products after they discovered that the primary ingredient of the product (a sulfonate called fluorinated perfluorooctanyl compound (PFOS), have been found in all the 3M's research after examining blood samples.(44) They proved that the substance has strong trends to persist and even accumulate itself in animals and humans tissue.

In 1991 , the service of health public of the USA (FDA) has published a report stating that the total daily catch of fluorine by water, dental products, beverages and food has thus exceeded 6,5 milligrams of absorption per day.(42) The total catch of these sources only already exceeds considerably the known thresholds and is sufficient to cause the third stage of skeleton fluorosis.

Not to mention that water and fluoridated toothpastes, like most food, contain high levels of fluoridated compounds in addition to those due to the applications of pesticide. One of the worst offenders is the grape.(45) Grape juice has proved to contain a fluorine rate of more than 6,8 ppm. The EPA estimates the total catch of fluorine per pesticide residues, only through food and drinkable fluoridated water, as being 0,095 mg/kg/day, meaning that a person weighing 70 kg receives more than 6,65 mg/day.(45b) Soya milk intended for children contains lots of fluorine and aluminum, surpassing far beyond the "optimal dose" (46.47) turning out to be as a significant risk factor for dental fluorosis.(48)

TEA

In their plans of fluoridation and procurement of public drinking water, the health officials continue to pretend that no other source of fluorine exists. This concept becomes absurd when we look at the content of fluorine in tea. Tea is very concentrated in fluorine because tea leaves accumulate more fluorine (by soil and air pollution) than any other edible plant.(49,50,51) It is well established that fluorine obtained from tea and absorbed by the body increases in some way the dose of fluorine absorbed while drinking water.(49,52)

The content of tea fluorine has significantly increased over the last two decades due to industrial contamination. The recent analysis have indicated a rate of magnesium fluoride of 22,2 mg per tea bag or cup of green tea from China, and 17,25 mg of soluble fluoride ion per tea bag or cup of black tea. The aluminum content was also high (over 8 mg). The time of normal soaking is five minutes. More the packet is soaked, more the quantity of fluorine and aluminum released is important. After ten minutes, the measurable quantities of fluorine and aluminum have almost doubled. (53)

The web site of a paediatrician pro-fluoridation medical unit declares that a cup of black tea contains 7,8 mg of fluorine (54), which is the equivalent quantity of fluorine in 7,8 litres of water in a fluorinated sector up to the "optimal» concentration of 1 ppm. Some British and South African studies of the 1990s, have shown that the daily intake of fluorine is between 5,8 mg and 9 mg per day with only tea.(55, 56) Tea has thus proved to be a main cause of dental fluorosis in many international studies.(58 -70). In Great Britain, more than three quarter of the population above the age of ten consumes three cups of tea per day.(71) Yet the British Government and the British dental association contemplate currently with satisfaction the process of fluoridation of public water supply! In Ireland, the average consumption of tea is four cups per day, and drinking water is already heavily fluoridated...

With water, tea is the most widely consumed drink in the world. Tea can be found in almost 80 % of households in the USA; at any given day, almost 127 million people (half of Americans) drink tea.(71)

The high content of aluminum and fluorine in tea is a cause of great concern as aluminum considerably strengthens the fluorine effects on protein G activation, (72) the "starts/stops" switch involved in cells' communication and an absolutely necessary agent in the functioning and regulation of thyroid hormones.

FLUORINE AND THYROID

The recent rediscovery of hundreds of research articles dealing with the utilization of fluorine in effective hypothyroidism medicines raises many questions demanding answers.(73,74). The defects of the enamel observed in hypothyroidism are identical to dental fluorosis. The sectors of endemic fluorosis have proved to be the same as those affected by iodine insufficiency, which is considered to be the most important thing in the world in causing and preventing mental retardation (75) ; a phenomenon affecting 740 million people per year, according to WHO studies on brain disorders caused by iodine insufficiency : cretinism, abortions, and goitre, among many other diseases. Synthroid, the most commonly prescribed medication for hypothyroidism, became the sales record medicinal product in the USA in 1999, according to Scott-Levin Audit precription, thus clearly indicating that hypothyroidism is an important health problem. We even think that even a larger number of people (several millions) show undiagnosed thyroid problems.

ENVIRONMENT

Every year, hundreds of thousands of tonnes of fluorines are emitted by the industry. Industrial emissions of fluorine compounds produce high concentrations of fluorine in the atmosphere. Hydrogen fluoride also exists in the form of particles dissolved in cloud, fog, rain, dew, or snow. In cloud and damp air, it travels in the air currents until it is deposited as wet acid deposit (acid rain, acid fog, and etc...). In water leaks, it is mixed easily with water.

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), emitted by the electrical energy industry, is now among the six gases causing the greenhouse effect specifically denounced by the international community (Kyoto Protocol) for emissions reduction and the control of global warming of the atmosphere. The others are carbonic anhydride, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), methane and nitrous oxide (NÒ).

SF6 is approximately 23900 times more destructive, per kg, than carbonic anhydride over 100 years. EPA estimates that few tonnes equivalent to 7 million tonnes of carbon (MMTCE) have escaped the electrical energy systems in 1996 only. The concentration of SF6 in the atmosphere was supposed to increase by two orders of magnitude since 1970. The atmospheric models have indicated that the lifespan of a SF6 molecule in the atmosphere can be more than 3000 years.(76)

The rate of ever-increasing fluorine deposited in food, water and air is a major threat to human health and the environment, as is demonstrated by endemic fluorosis registered all over the world. It is of uttemost urgency that officials of public health cease to promote the so-called fluorine beneficial to our health and that now, they rather tackle seriously the question of its toxicity.

*Andreas Schuld is the head of the Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children Association (PFPC), an U.S. organization of parents whose children have been poisoned by taking excessive fluorine. This organization includes educators, artists, scientists, journalists, authors, lawyers, researchers and nutritionists. It is actively involved in global efforts to correctly assess the toxicity of fluorine. For further information, visit their website : www.bruha.com/fluoride.

In natural medicine, we know several supplements capable of mineralising the bone structure and the dentition, thus fulfilling the role that was supposed to be that of Fluorine, but that the latter, we have just seen, does not do so!! This is how we have developed the following complex :

Three months' FLUORINE PROTOCOL- LIKE

• Magnécal - 1 capsule per day at lunchtime
• Ginkgo  LMZ - 2 capsules per day at lunchtime               
• Origanum - 1 capsule in the evening at dinner
• Olynform - 2 capsules at breakfast
• Cabifoie - 1 capsule at noon
• Phytospasme  - 2 capsules at dinner

For any complementary question or a request for consultation Contact Doctor Montain

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15.Proceedings, City of Orville Vs. Public Utilities Commission of the State of Carlifornia, Orville, CA, October 20-21 (1955)

16.AMA Council Hearing, Chicago, August 7, 1957

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21.Steelink, Cornelius, PhD, U of AZ Chem Department, in: Chem and Eng News, Jan 27, 1992, p.2; Sci News March 5, 1994, p.159

22.Giambro NJ, Prostak K, Denbesten PK - Characterization Of Fluorosed Human Enamel By Color Reflectance, Ultrastructure, And Elemental Composition" Fluoride 28:4, 216 (1995) also Caries Research 29 (4) 251-257 (1995)

23.Duncan WK, Silberman SL, Trubman A - Labial hypoplasia of primary canines in black Head Start children" ASDC J Dent Child 55(6):423-6 (1988)

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26.Ellwood RP, O'Mullane D - The association between developmental enamel defects and caries in populations with and without fluoride in their drinking water" J Public Health Dent 56(2):76-80(1996)

27.Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on LifeSciences, National Research Council, August 1993 p 47-48

28. ``The Effect of Fluorine On Dental Caries" Journal American Dental Association 31:1360 (1944

29.Examples:http://ificinfo.health.org/insight/septoct97/flouride.htm http://www.wvda.org/nutrient/fluoride.html

30.Barrett S, Rovin S (Eds) -"The Tooth Robbers: a Pro-Fluoridation Handbook" George F Stickley Co, Philadelphia pp 44-65 (1980)

31.Federal Register, 3/16/79, page 16006

32.Federal Register: December 28, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 249)] Rules and Regulations, Page 67163-67175 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration, 21 CFR Part 101 Docket No. 90N-0134, RIN 0910-AA19

33.The Report of the Department of Health and Social Subjects, No. 41, Dietary Reference Values, Chapter 36 on fluoride (HMSO 1996). ``No essential function for fluoride has been proven in humans."

34.``Is Fluoride an Essential Element?" Fluorides, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 66-68 (1971)

35.Richard Maurer and Harry Day ``The Non-Essentiality of Fluorine in Nutrition," Journal of Nutrition, 62: 61-57(1957)

36.``Applied Chemistry", Second Edition, by Prof. William R. Stine, Chapter 19 (see pp. 413 & 416) Allyn and Bacon, Inc, publishers. ``Fluoride has not been shown to be required for normal growth or reproduction in animals or humans consuming an otherwise adequate diet, nor for any specific biological function or mechanism."

37.National Center for Fluoridation Policy & Research (NCFPR) http://fluoride.oralhealth.org/ 38.Kick CH, Bethke RM, Edgington BH, Wilder OHM, Record PR, Wilder W, Hill TJ, Chase SW - ``Fluorine in Animal Nutrition" Bulletin 558, US Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio (1935)

39.US MINERALS/COMMODITIES DATABASE http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/fluorspar/280396.txt

40.``The problem of providing optimum fluoride intake for prevention of dental caries" - Food and Nutrition Board, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Pub.#294, (1953) a person drinking fluoridated water may be assumed to ingest only about 1 milligram per day from this source ... the development of mottled enamel is, however, a potential hazard of adding fluorides to food. The total daily intake of fluoride is the critical quantity."

41.World Health Organization, International Drinking Water Standards, 1971. ``In the assessment of the safety of a water supply with respect to the fluoride concentration, the total daily fluoride intake by the individual must be considered. Apart from variations in climatic conditions, it is well known that in certain areas, fluoride containing foods form an important part of the diet. The facts should be borne in mind in deciding the concentration of fluoride to be permitted in drinking water."

42.Review of Fluoride Benefits and Risks, Department of Health and Human Services, p.45 (1991)

43.Over 1200 papers posted at: http://www.bruha.com/fluoride

44.Washington Post - 3M to pare Scotchgard products," May 16, 2000 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A156482000May16.html

45 (a) FLUORIDE IN FOOD

http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/f_in_food.htm

45.(b) Federal Register: August 7, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 152), Notices, Page 42546-42551

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47.Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD -"Lead, cadmium, and fluoride levels in market milk and infant formulas in Canada." J Assoc Off Anal Chem 70(4):754-7 (1987)

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49.Meiers, P. - `Zur Toxizität von Fluorverbindungen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Onkogenese", Verlag für Medizin Dr. Ewald Fischer, Heidelberg (1984)

50.Waldbott, GL; Burgstahler, AW; McKinney, HL - Fluoridation:The Great Dilemma" Coronado Press (1978)

51.Srebnik-Friszman, S; Van der Miynsbrugge, F.-"Teneur en Fluor de quelques thØs prØlevØs sur le MarchØ et de leurs Infusions" Arch Belg Med Soc Hyg Med Trav Med Leg 33:551-556 (1976)

52.Rüh K - ``Resorbierbarkeit und Retention von in Mineralwässern und Erfrischungsgetränken enthaltenem Fluorid bei Mensch und Laboratoriumsratte" Diss. Würzburg (1968)

53.Analyses conducted by Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC) at Gov't -approved labs.Contact: pfpc@istar.ca

54.BabyCenter Editorial Team w/ Medical Advisory Board (http://www.babycenter.com/refcap/674.html#3

55.Jenkins GN - Fluoride intake and its safety among heavy tea drinkers in a British fluoridated city" Proc Finn Dent Soc 87(4):571-9 (1991) Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.

56.Opinya GN, Bwibo N, Valderhaug J, Birkeland JM, Lokken P - ``Intake of fluoride and excretion in mothers' milk in a high fluoride (9ppm) area in Kenya" Eur J Clin Nutr 45(1) : 37-41 (1991) Department of Dental Surgery, University of Nairobi, Kenya

57.Diouf A, Sy FO, Niane B, Ba D, Ciss M - Dietary intake of fluorine through of tea prepared by the traditional method in Senegal" Dakar Med 39(2):227-30 (1994)

58.Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu J - ``Brick tea consumption as the cause of dental fluorosis among children from Mongol, Kazak and Yugu populations in China" Food Chem Toxicol 35(8):827-33 (1997)

59.Cao J, Bai X, Zhao Y, Liu J, Zhou D, Fang S, Jia M, Wu J - ``The relationship of fluorosis and brick tea drinking in Chinese Tibetans" Environ Health Perspect 104(12) : 1340-3 (1996)

60.Sergio Gomez S, Weber A, Torres C - ``Fluoride content of tea and amount ingested by children" Odontol Chil 37(2) : 251-5 (1989)

61.Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu JW - Safety evaluation and fluorine concentration of Pu'er brick tea and Bianxiao brick tea" Food Chem Toxicol 36(12):1061-3(1998)

62.Wang LF, Huang JZ- ``Outline of control practice of endemic fluorosis in China."Soc Sci Med 41(8) : 1191-5 (1995)

63.Olsson B -"Dental caries and fluorosis in Arussi province, Ethiopia" Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 6(6) : 338-43 (1978)

64.Diouf A, Sy FO, Niane B, Ba D, Ciss M - Dietary intake of fluorine through use of tea prepared by the traditional method in Senegal" DakarMed 39(2):227-30 (1994)

65.Fraysse C, Bilbeissi MW, Mitre D, Kerebel B - The role of tea consumption in dental fluorosis in Jordan" Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 32(1):39-46 (1989)

66.Fraysse C, Bilbeissi W, Benamghar L, Kerebel B- Comparison of the dental health status of 8 to 14-year-old children in France and in Jordan, a country of endemic fluorosis."Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 32(3):169-75 (1989)

67.Villa AE, Guerrero S - ``Caries experience and fluorosis prevalence in Chilean children from different socio-economic status."Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 24(3) : 225-7 (1996)

68.Chan J.T.; Yip, T.T.; Jeske, A.H. - The role of caffeinated beverages in dental fluorosis" Med Hypotheses 33(1) : 21-2 (1990)

69.Mann J, Sgan-Cohen HD, Dakuar A, Gedalia I - ``Tea drinking, caries prevalence, and fluorosis among northern Israeli Arab youth."Clin Prev Dent 7(6):23-6 (1985)

70.Schmidt, C.W.; Leuschke, W. - ``Fluoride content of deciduous teeth after regular intake of black tea" Dtsch Stomatol 40(10) : 441 (1990)

71.Press Releases/Market Figures - Tea Council http://www.stashtea.com/tt060595.htm

72.Strunecka, A; Patocka, J - ``Aluminofluoride complexes: new phosphate analogues for laboratory investigations and potential danger for living organisms" Charles University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physiology and Developmental Physiology, Prague/Department of Toxicology, Purkynì Military Medical Academy, Hradec KrßlovØ, Czech Republic http://www.cadvision.com/fluoride/brain3.htm

73.History: Fluoride - Iodine Antagonism http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/history_th.htm

74.Fluorides - Anti-thyroid Medication http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/pfpc__3.htm

75.WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PRESS RELEASE, May 25,1999 Iodine Deficiency

76.Miller AE, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Morris RA, Vazn Doren JM - Negative Ion Chemistry of SF sub 4" Journal of Chemical Physics 102(22):8865-8873 (1995)*This article first appeared under the title ``Fluoride - Worse Than We Thought" in the Fall 2000 issue of "Wise Traditions", the Journal of the Weston A. Price Foundation. Weston A. Price Foundation, Vol.1, No.3, Fall 2000 , PMB 106-380, 4200 Wisconsin Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20016,(202) 333 - 4325, http://westonaprice.org/